【作者】 唐姝敏（Sirikhun Thongsai Phanrangsee）；

【导师】 池昌海；

【作者基本信息】 浙江大学 ， 汉语言文字学， 2019， 博士

【摘要】 隐喻的语言表达形式复杂,不同的隐喻表达形式往往需要采用不同的理解策略进行处理。近代认知心理语言学对隐喻的分类以隐喻的认知功能为基础,Lakoff&Johnson(1980)指出隐喻是一种重要的认知思维方式。本文选择泰国著名长篇小说《四朝代》的泰文本和汉译本为语料来源,进行全面的概念隐喻探讨和研究。本研究主要包括以下几方面内容:第一,考查泰语原文和汉译本所使用的隐喻,就汉泰语言使用隐喻类型展开对比,借助Lakoff&Johnson“概念”理论研究汉泰概念隐喻体系,并使用K(?)vecses的隐喻类型原则分析归类。第二,研究汉泰语言隐喻类型对比分析使用的概念,深入分析存在异同的概念隐喻。第三,借助Fauconnier和Turner的概念合成理论探讨汉泰语言的翻译认知。第四,阐述汉泰隐喻类型对比及分析翻译策略。最后,探讨汉泰两种语言对事物及世界的认知方式。从目标域所收集的汉泰语料中发现,《四朝代》泰文本与汉译本所包含的相同隐喻类型有8类:生命类、情感类、关系类、道德类、时间类、政治类、社会与国家类和希望类。常出现的隐喻类型分别为:人之间的关系,出现的频率第一;生命类型,生命和死亡隐喻两类的频率为第二,在汉泰语言的表述中,都把生命看成是一次旅程,从出生、成长、奋斗,到最终走向死亡。情感隐喻使用的频率位居第三。汉泰隐喻概念的区别表现在以下几个方面:第一,泰国属于等级社会,这具体表现在人与人之间的关系上,虽然从小说译本上发现汉语在表述人与人之间的关系上基本上是区域平等的,但是从实际层面,等级观念在任何国家都不可能绝对避免,主要看从什么方面和维度来判断。汉语可从社会与政治的地位对比等级,如:说话者在社会上的地位、职位等,而泰语的预料案列所出现的人与人之间的关系是等级色彩比较浓厚,这一点亦可从可人物的性情、爱好等方面做出判断。第二,通过对汉泰语言情感概念的对比发现,泰语中爱情最常用的隐喻是“水”,由于泰国是热带国家,天气比较炎热,所以爱情跟水一样,让人感觉清爽和舒适。而汉语爱情隐喻是温热的火,中国的冬天天气很冷,人们需要暖身,所以使用“温暖”来指代“爱情”,有了爱情就会温暖。第三,汉语中痛苦是食物的苦味,痛苦可以被人生“尝、试、吃”等,将痛苦用味觉体验来展示。而泰语中通常不采用味觉形容人的情感,而主要以人本身的性格作为喻体。根据合成理论得出,当目地语言跟原语使用隐喻有相同的认知概念,译者可以直接翻译,这显示了两种语言在历史、风俗文化、宗教信仰等方面有相同或众所周知的部分,从而能很好地理解另一个文化。汉泰语言中可以直接进行翻译的是物体隐喻:植物隐喻、水隐喻、火隐喻,因为这些隐喻所反映的都是人类普遍的人生命题。另外,目标域也有相同的概念部分,一般都是人生中不可避免的经历,比如:生死亡、痛苦、希望,或社会层面上的政治、权利、国家以及社会中人与人之间的关系。共同的隐喻来源于人们共同的人生经验所得,中泰都是亚洲国家,人们日常生活中所见、所知的事物有着密切联系,所以汉泰语言拥有相同的认知概念。即便如此,两国文化也有很多差异,两国语言文化中所拥有的概念并不能完全互相对等映射。通过研究,我们发现小说译者选择采用了4种方法解决翻译的问题:意译法、省略法、比喻法和使用其他隐喻法。意译法--只保持源语中的内容,不拘泥于其表达形式。省略法--当原文和译文的事情或文化相差比较大时,译文把原文的内容缩减掉。比喻法--当泰语使用独特的隐喻翻译成汉语时,常出现的词汇是“如、像、一样”等词语。目标语言隐喻或使用其他隐喻法--两种语言总有不同的认知和概念,当隐喻概念在原语言使用,在另一种语言的语境中很难理解时,为了保持小说的精彩和原滋原味,译者使用其他隐喻代替原文的隐喻。另外本文发现,不同的隐喻翻译到目标语言的隐喻翻译机制主要考虑3个重要观念:认知概念,文化和社会系统,隐喻程度。隐喻翻译首先要判断隐喻程度,高等隐喻程度必须翻译,其次,考虑认知概念和文化、社会系统:从隐喻翻译机制可以得出以下4种翻译策略,一、隐喻程度高,认知概念或文化、社会系统相近,用比喻法。二、隐喻程度高,认知概念和文化、社会系统不同,采用目标语隐喻法。三、隐喻程度不高,认知不同,用意译法。四、隐喻程度不高,认知概念和文化、社会系统不同,用省略法。除此之外,隐喻翻译方法不仅能解决泰汉隐喻翻译问题,对其他语言的翻译也具有参考作用。更多还原

【Abstract】 The language expression forms of metaphor are complex.Different metaphorical expressions often need different understanding strategies.The classification of metaphor in modern cognitive psycholinguistics is based on the cognitive function of metaphor.Lakoff&Johnson（1980）points out that metaphor is an important mode of cognitive thinking.Comparison of Chinese-Thai concept translation of historical novel the Four Dynasties deserve to be used as a corpus,because the Four Dynasties won the second prize of the 2^nd National Excellent Foreign Literature Book Award in the 1990s.This research mainly includes the following aspects.The first,it examines the metaphors used in the original Thai text and the translated Chinese version,and shows the comparison between the types of metaphors used by Chinese and Thai.It studies the conceptual metaphor system of Chinese and Thai with the help of Lakoff&Johnson conceptual Metaphor theory,and analyzes and classifies them with the principle of metaphor types of K（?）vecses.The second,it studies the concepts used in the comparative analysis of the types of Chinese and Thai metaphors,and makes an in-depth analysis of the similarities and differences between Chinese and Thai conceptual metaphors.The third,with the help of conceptual blending theory of Fauconnier and Turner,it discusses the translation cognition of Chinese-Thai.The fourth,it expounds the comparison of metaphor types between Chinese and Thai and analyzes the translation method.The last,it discusses the cognitive things and the world of Chinese-Thai.The study on the collection of Chinese and Thai language from the target domain shows that the original Thai language in the Four Dynasties can be divided into eight categories,life,emotion,relationship,morality,time,politics,society and state,and desire.The common types of metaphor are:the relationship between people,the frequency of occurrence is the first;Life type,life and death metaphor are the two types of frequency of the second;Life is a journey,born and begin to struggle,to the end,life finally towards death.Emotional metaphors are used in the third place.Chinese-Thai metaphorical concepts are different in the following aspects:the first,the relationship between people is hierarchical in Thai,well,the democratic view is"people are equal",however the Thai society history is the monarchy,so social hierarchy is still not completely disappeared,influenced by this,the cognition of Thai people relationship is still equal,although from the novel we can find examples of relationship between the Chinese people are equal,but in fact,all countries have the concept of rank,mainly depends on which aspect to judge.Chinese can be compared from social and political status,such as:What is the speaker’s status and position in the society?In the Thai example,the relationship between people is hierarchy,which can be judged from the perspective of people themselves’love and hate.From the perspective of translation,the Chinese translation is somewhat different from the original Thai text.The second,the comparison of emotional concepts between Chinese and Thai shows that,the love metaphor in Thai is"love is a liquid",which is fresh and cool.Because Thailand is a tropical country with hot weather,love is fresh and cool,which makes people who are in love feel comfortable.Love metaphor in Chinese is a warm fire.Because the weather in China and Thailand is different,the winter in China is very cold,people need to warm up,so they use"warm"instead of"love",and the concept of love will be warm.The third,the pain is the bitter taste of food in Chinese and pain can be"try and eat"in life,according to Chinese the pain is bitter,Thai,generally do not use taste describe people’s emotion,taste is the main character can be used as metaphors,in addition,the"pain"often be the source domain in Thai,the concept of life is suffering（pain）,the concept of Thai has been influenced by Buddhism which think life is painful,so death is a relief,death can put down all the heavy things on the back,no more pain.According to the blending theory,when the target language and the source language share the same cognitive concept of using metaphor,the translator can directly translate it,which shows that the two languages have the same part of history,custom,culture,religious belief and other aspects or are known to understand another culture.The main metaphors that Chinese-Thai can directly translate are object metaphors:plant metaphors,water metaphors and fire metaphors,because these metaphors are relatively common in life.And the target domain is having the same concept,which generally cannot be avoided in human life,such as life and death,pain,and desires,or social politics,the relationship between the country and people,the conclusion that Chinese-Thai uses the same metaphor comes from people’s experience,because China and Thailand are both Asian countries,things people have seen should have a close contact,therefore Chinese-Thai has the same cognitive concept.Although China and Thailand share some common culture,there are also many differences between the two cultures.Some concepts in the two languages and cultures do not map to each other.The study finds that translators choose to use four methods to solve the problems of translation:liberal translation,ellipsis,analogy method,and using other metaphors.Liberal translation,it only maintains the content of the source language,does not stick to its expression form.Ellipsis,when there is a big difference between the original text and the translated text in matters or culture,the translated text will subtract the content of the original text.The analogy method is when the Thai language uses a unique metaphor to translate the closest approach to the Chinese language,words such as"like"often appear.The metaphor of the target language or the use of other metaphors means that two languages always have different cognition and concepts.When the metaphorical concept in the original language is difficult to understand by using another language,in order to maintain the wonderful flavor of the novel,the translator uses other metaphors instead of the metaphor in the original language.In addition,this paper finds out the metaphorical translation mechanism,and the translation of different metaphors into the target language mainly considers three important viewpoints:cognitive concept,cultural and social system,and metaphorical level.Metaphor translation should first judge the level of metaphor,and the higher level of metaphor must be translated.Secondly,cognitive concepts and cultural and social systems should be considered,and the above four translation methods can be obtained from the mechanism of metaphor translation.The first,a high level of metaphor,cognitive concept or cultural and social system similar to uses analogy method.The second is that the cognitive concept with a high level of metaphor while different from the cultural and social system uses the metaphor method of target language.The third is that the cognitive concept with a low level of metaphor while different from uses the liberal translation.The fourth is that the cognitive concept with a low level of metaphor while different from the cultural and social system uses ellipsis.In addition,the metaphorical translation method can not only solve the problem of Thai-Chinese metaphor translation,but also serve as a reference for the translation of other languages.更多还原